1980s Infomercial Art Fleming Famous Amos W Clement Stone

Fee-charging schools in England and Wales

A public school in England and Wales (only not Scotland) is a fee-charging endowed school originally for older boys that was "public" in the sense of being open to pupils irrespective of locality, denomination or paternal trade or profession. Although the term "public school" has been in employ since at least the 18th century,^[1] its usage was formalised by the Public Schools Act 1868,^[2] ^[3] which put into law nearly recommendations of the 1864 Clarendon Report. Nine prestigious schools were investigated by Clarendon (including Merchant Taylors' School and St. Paul'south School) and seven subsequently reformed by the Human action: Eton, Shrewsbury, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby, Westminster, and Charterhouse.^[4] ^[5]

Public schools accept had a potent association with the ruling classes.^[vi] Historically, the sons of officers and senior administrators of the British Empire were educated in English public schools whilst their fathers were on imperial postings. In 2019, two-thirds of cabinet ministers of the United Kingdom had been educated at such fee-charging schools, although a slim majority of cabinet ministers since 1964 were educated at country schools.^[7]

Definition [edit]

This gives me occasion to notation the benefit of public schools to youth, beyond private teaching by parents or tutors

There is no unmarried or absolute definition of a public schoolhouse, and the use of the term has varied over time and co-ordinate to context. The starting bespeak was the contrast between a public schoolhouse and private teaching.^[ane] In England and Wales and so-called public schools are not funded from public taxes.

The independent schools' representative body^[a], the Contained Schools Information Service (ISIS)^[nine] ^[10] divers public schools every bit long-established, student-selective, fee-charging independent secondary schools that cater primarily for children aged betwixt 11 or 13 and 18, and whose head teacher is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC).^[11]

The above definition of 1981 has resonance with that of Sydney Smith written in 1810 in The Edinburgh Review. "By a public school, we hateful an endowed place of education of onetime continuing, to which the sons of gentlemen resort in considerable numbers, and where they continue to reside, from eight or ix, to eighteen years of historic period. We practice non give this equally a definition which would have satisfied Porphyry or Duns-Scotus, but equally one sufficiently accurate for our purpose. The characteristic features of these schools are, their antiquity, the numbers, and the ages of the young people who are educated at them ...".^[12]

A public school has been very but defined every bit "a non-local endowed boarding school for the upper classes".^[13]

Arthur Leach, in his History of Winchester College (1899), states: "The just working definition of a Public School...is that it is an aristocratic or plutocratic school which is wholly or virtually wholly a Boarding School, is nether some grade of more or less public command, and is ... not-local".^[14]

Vivian Ogilvie in The English Public School (1957) suggests five "characteristics usually associated with a public school" (while allowing that these are non absolute or definitive): "information technology is a class school, catering for a well-to-do clientèle; it is expensive; it is non-local; information technology is a predominantly boarding school; information technology is independent of the State and of local authorities, nonetheless it is non privately owned or run for profit."^[15]

In November 1965, the UK Cabinet considered the definition of a public school for the purpose of the Public Schools Committee prepare that year. It started with the 1944 Fleming Committee definition of Public Schools, which consisted of schools which were members of the and so Headmasters' Briefing or the Girls' Schools Clan.^[xvi] At that time, there were 276 such independent schools (134 boys and 142 girls), which the 1965 Public Schools Committee took in telescopic of its work and also considered 22 maintained and 152 direct grant grammar schools.^[17]

In 2021, using the 1981 ISIS definition or the 1944 Fleming Committee definition, there are now 298 independent secondary schools belonging to the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (77% of HMC schools are co-educational, x% are boys but and xiv% are girls only),^[18] and 230 independent girls' secondary schools belonging to the Girls' Schools Association.^[1]

The majority of public schools are affiliated with, or were established past, a Christian denomination, principally the Church of England, just in some cases the Roman Catholic and Methodist churches; or else identify themselves as "non-denominational Christian". A small number are inherently secular, including Oswestry School,^[19] Bedales and Academy College School.^[20]

Early history [edit]

Public schools emerged from grammar schools^[21] established to educate pupils, ordinarily destined for clerical orders, in Latin grammar. The term "public" came into apply considering over fourth dimension access to such schools was non restricted on the basis of domicile location, paternal occupation or status, and that they were subject to an chemical element of public management or control,^[22] in contrast to private schools which were run for the personal profit of the possessor(s).^[23] The origins of schools in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland were primarily religious, although in 1640 the House of Commons did invite the reformer and promoter of universal instruction, Comenius to England to constitute and participate in an agency for the promotion of learning. It was intended that past-products of this would be the publication of 'universal' books and the setting up of schools for boys and girls.^[24] The English language Civil War prevented any such reform.^[25] ^[26]

Some schools are particularly old, such as The Rex's School, Canterbury (founded 597), The King'southward School, Rochester (founded 604), St Peter'south Schoolhouse, York (founded c. 627), Sherborne Schoolhouse (founded c. 710, refounded 1550 by Edward 6), Warwick School (c. 914), The King'south School, Ely (c. 970) and St Albans School (948). Until the late medieval period nigh schools were controlled by the Church building; and had specific entrance criteria; others were restricted to the sons of members of guilds, trades or livery companies.

In 1382 William of Wykeham Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor of England founded Winchester College. In 1440 Henry Half-dozen founded Eton College. These schools had significantly larger foundations than the existing local grammar schools, had high level political patronage and also accepted 'non-local' pupils. This was 'the beginning of a new kind of school'.^[27] Elizabeth I refounded Westminster School in 1560,^[28] with new statutes to select 40 Queen'south Scholars from boys who had attended the schoolhouse for a year.^[29] This created a 'triad' of privileged schools—Winchester, Eton and Westminster.^[thirty] From the 16th century onward, boys' boarding schools continued to exist founded or endowed for public use.^[22]

Daniel Defoe in The Compleat English Gentleman ^[31] of 1728 writes of "the neat schools of Eton, Winchester, Westminster, Felsted, Bishop Stortford (sic),^[b] Canterbury and others, where the children—nay, the eldest sons—of some of the best families in England take been educated."^[32]

Past the finish of the seventeenth century the London day schools St Paul's and Merchant Taylors', together with the charitable foundations Christ'due south Infirmary and Charterhouse had developed an elevated 'standing in pop regard'.^[33]

By the end of the eighteenth century 2 local grammar schools Harrow and Rugby had accomplished national fame.^[34] In the instance of Harrow, political sponsorship by aristocratic Whig pol James Brydges (afterward Duke of Chandos) played a pregnant role^[35] simply as well, as was the case too with Rugby, an exemplary headmaster was a key factor in raising the status of the school.^[36] This miracle was also seen at Shrewsbury where Samuel Butler was headmaster between 1798 and 1836.^[37]

"Would you your son should be a sot or dunce,
Lascivious, headstrong, or all these at in one case;
That in good fourth dimension the stripling'southward finish'd taste
For loose expense and fashionable waste
Should show your ruin, and his own at last;
Railroad train him in public with a mob of boys,
Childish in mischief only and in racket,
Else of a mannish growth, and five in 10
In infidelity and lewdness men. ..."

—extract from William Cowper's 1784
Tirocinium or A Review of Schools

In 1801 William Vincent, headmaster of Westminster published A Defense of Public Educational activity.^[38] It contains the text "...comprize under the expression of Public Schools? Are we to understand only Winchester, Eton and Westminster? or are we to extend our notion, every bit nosotros ought to practise, to the other iii slap-up schools in the Urban center;^[c] to Harrow, Rugby, Manchester, Wakefield and many more of equal magnitude in the North?"

In 1816 Rudolph Ackermann published a book which used the term "History of the Public Schools" of what he described equally the "chief schools of England",^[39] entitled The History of the Colleges of Winchester, Eton, and Westminster; with the Charter-Business firm, the Schools of St. Paul'south, Merchant Taylors, Harrow, and Rugby, and the Free-School of Christ's Infirmary.

In 1818 Nicholas Carlisle published a two book survey entitled A Concise Description of the Endowed Grammar Schools in England and Wales.^[40] The survey was conducted past ways of a questionnaire sent to the schools. The description of 475 schools^[41] range from one or two paragraphs to many pages of detail. Included in the survey are the renowned nine schools which forty three years later became the bailiwick of the 1861 Clarendon Commission.

In 1828 Thomas Arnold became headmaster of Rugby Schoolhouse. The reforming deportment he took during his 14 years (1828–1842) of tenure established a new model for the nineteenth and early on twentieth century public school.^[42] Arnold developed the praepostor (or prefect) arrangement, in which a grouping of senior boys were given disciplinary powers of other pupils.^[43] This became a standard method to establish good order in the public schools, which had developed a reputation for rowdiness and on occasion, serious disorder.^[43]

King's College School was founded in 1829 and University College School in 1830.

Carve up preparatory schools (or "prep schools") for younger boys developed from the 1830s, with entry to the senior schools becoming express to boys of at least 12 or xiii years sometime. The first of these was Windlesham Firm School, established with support from Thomas Arnold, the headmaster of Rugby Schoolhouse between 1828 and 1841.^[44] ^[45]

Victorian period [edit]

A Imperial Committee, the Clarendon Commission (1861–1864), investigated ix of the more established schools, including seven boarding schools (Charterhouse, Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Shrewsbury, Westminster and Winchester) and 2 day schools (St Paul's and Merchant Taylors').^[46]

Howard Staunton's book of 1865 entitled The Great Schools of England^[47] considered those nine schools plus Cheltenham College, Christ's Infirmary, and Dulwich College.

The Public Schools Act 1868 subsequently regulated and reformed the vii boarding schools investigated past Clarendon, and in summary established and granted autonomy to new governing bodies for the vii schools and as part of that, released them from previous obligations under their founding charters to educate "boys on the Foundation" ie scholarship boys who paid nominal or no fees.^[48] The Act gave the 7 schools independence from direct jurisdiction or responsibleness of the Crown, the established church, or the government. Henceforth each of these schools was to be managed by a board of governors. St Paul'south School and the Merchant Taylors' Schoolhouse claimed successfully that their constitutions fabricated them "private" schools, and were excluded from the requirements of this legislation.^[49]

The Taunton Commission was appointed in 1864 to examine the remaining 782 endowed grammar schools, and in 1868 produced recommendations to restructure their endowments; these recommendations were included, in modified form, in the Endowed Schools Act 1869. In that year Edward Thring, headmaster of Uppingham Schoolhouse, wrote to 37 of his fellow headmasters of what he considered the leading boys' schools, non covered past the Public Schools Human action of 1868, inviting them to run into annually^[50] to address the threat posed by the Endowed Schools Act of 1869. In the first twelvemonth 12 headmasters attended; the following twelvemonth 34 attended, including heads from the Clarendon schools. The Headmasters' Briefing (HMC), at present the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, has grown steadily and past 2021 had 298 British and Irish gaelic schools as members.^[51]

Many new schools were established in the mid-part of the nineteenth century including the mean solar day schools Metropolis of London School (1837) and Liverpool College (1840). New boarding schools included Cheltenham (1841), Marlborough (1843), Rossall (1844), Radley (1847), Taunton (1847), Lancing (1848), Hurstpierpoint (1849), Bradfield (1850), Wellington (1852), Epsom (1855), Ardingly (1858), Clifton (1862), Malvern (1862), Haileybury (1862), Cranleigh (1863) and Framlingham (1864).^[52]

In 1881 C.Kegal Paul & Co published Our Public Schools ^[53] with chapters on seven schools i.e. Eton, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby, Westminster, Marlborough and Charterhouse.

In 1887 the Divisional Court and the Court of Entreatment adamant that the City of London School was a public school.^[54]

The Public Schools Yearbook ^[d] was published for the start time in 1889, listing thirty schools,^[55] mostly boarding schools. The mean solar day school exceptions were St Paul'southward School and Merchant Taylors' School. By 1895 at that place were entries for 64 schools.^[56] The 1902 edition included all schools whose principals qualified for membership of the Headmasters' Briefing.^[57]

In 1893 Edward Arnold published a volume entitled Great Public Schools with a affiliate on each of Eton, Harrow, Charterhouse, Cheltenham, Rugby, Clifton, Westminster, Marlborough, Haileybury, and Winchester.^[58]

The Bryce Study of 1895 (i.e. Written report of the Royal Committee on Secondary Education) described the schools reformed by the 1868 Act as the "vii 'slap-up public schools'".^[59]

20th century [edit]

There was a farther expansion in public school education in the interwar years. New schools such every bit Rendcomb (1920), Stowe (1923), Canford (1923), Bryanston (1928) and Millfield (1935) were established.^[lx]

In 1942 the and so President of the Board of Education Rab Butler appointed a Commission on Public Schools nether the leadership of David Fleming. The committee was tasked to 'consider means whereby the association between the Public Schools and the general educational system of the state could be adult and extended'.^[61] The Fleming Report (1944) entitled The Public Schools and the General Education System defined a public schoolhouse every bit a member of the Governing Bodies Association or the Headmasters' Briefing.^[61] The Fleming Committee recommended that one-quarter of the places at the public schools should be assigned to a national bursary scheme for children who would benefit from boarding. A key advocate was the postal service-war Minister of Pedagogy Ellen Wilkinson, but the proposed national bursary scheme never got into legislation in that post-war age of severe budget constraints. The Conservative government elected in 1951 did not adopt the proposal. Information technology failed considering it was non a high priority for either party, coin was tight, there was wavering support from both public schools and local education authorities, and no consensus was reached on how to select the pupils to participate.^[62]

Based on the recommendations of the Fleming Report, the Education Act 1944, also known equally "the Butler Deed", did, however, constitute an enhanced condition for endowed grammar schools receiving a grant from central government. The directly grant grammar schools would henceforth receive partial country funding (a "direct grant") in return for taking between 25 and 50 percent of its pupils from state primary schools.^[63] Other grammar schools were funded by Local Educational activity Authorities.

The Labour government in 1965 made major changes to the system of maintained schools, directing local authorities to phase out selection at 11. It also fulfilled its pledge to examine the office of public schools, setting up a Royal commission "to advise on the all-time manner of integrating the public schools with the Country system". The committee used a wider definition than that of the Fleming Commission.^[17] The Public Schools Committee produced two reports: the Newsom Report of 1968 entitled The Public Schools Commission: Starting time Report ^[64] covering boarding schools and the Donnison Report of 1970 entitled The Public Schools Committee: Second Report ^[65] covering mean solar day schools, including besides direct grant and maintained grammar schools. The report presented by John Newsom in 1968 was supportive of boarding school education and fabricated 52 recommendations,^[66] the about egregious existence state funding of up to 45,000 places. No activeness was taken past the then Labour regime (or successive administrations). The report presented past David Donnison in 1970 made 25 recommendations for England and Wales and 22 for Scotland.^[67] The commission was divided on many bug and so several of the recommendations were non made with full consensus. No action was taken by the incoming Conservative government but five years afterwards the straight grant scheme was terminated.

School and pupil numbers presented to Cabinet in November 1965
Type	Total schools	No. of pupils	Boys		Girls
Type	Total schools	No. of pupils	Boarding	Day	Boarding	Day
Independent schools within the HMC, GBA or GSA	276	95,500	106	28	83	59
Direct grant maintained schools within the HMC (out of the full 179 grant maintained schools) In addition there were 27 Direct Grant schools which are non inside the HMC.	152		14	58	i	79
Maintained schools within the HMC	22
State secondary schools (maintained)	6000
Individual schools	3130
Source: HMG ^[17]

Late 20th century [edit]

The 1968 film if...., which satirised the worst elements of English public school life, culminating in scenes of armed insurrection, won the Palme d'Or at the 1969 Cannes Picture Festival.^[68] ^[69] The social changes of the 1960s were felt in the public schools; the new headmaster at Oundle School noted that "student protests and intellectual ferment were challenging the status quo".^[70] These challenges afterwards coincided with the mid-1970s recession and moves by the Labour government to separate the contained and state sectors.^[71]

The direct grant scheme was abolished in 1975 and the HMC schools within the scheme became fully contained.^[71] Local authorities were ordered to cease funding places at independent schools. This accounted for over quarter of places at 56 schools, and over half the places at 22 schools.^[72] Between 1975 and 1983 funding was withdrawn from 11 voluntary-aided grammar schools, which became independent schools and full members of the HMC.^[e] The loss of state-funded places, coinciding with the recession, put them under severe fiscal strain, and many became co-educational in social club to survive.^[71] Land funding was however revived between 1981 and 1997 with the introduction of the Assisted Places Scheme, which provided support for 80,000 pupils attention schools not office of the country maintained sector.^[76]

Many boarding schools started to admit 24-hour interval pupils for the kickoff time, and others abolished boarding completely.^[77] ^[78] Some started accepting girls in the sixth form, while others became fully co-educational.^[79]

Corporal penalization, was abolished in state schools in 1986, and had been abandoned in most public schools by the fourth dimension it was formally banned in independent schools in 1999 in England and Wales,^[eighty] (2000 in Scotland and 2003 in Northern Republic of ireland).^[81] The system of fagging, whereby younger pupils were required to act to some extent as personal servants to the almost senior boys, was phased out during the 1970s and 1980s.^[82]

21st century [edit]

In September 2005 the Britain Office of Fair Trading (Frequently) found that l prominent public schools were in alienation of the Competition Human action 1998 through their exchange of details of planned fee increases over iii bookish years 2001–02, 2002–03 and 2003–04.^[83] The Contained Schools Council claimed that the investigation had been "a scandalous waste product of public money".^[84]

Three-quarters of HMC schools are now either partially or fully co-educational.^[85] Of the Clarendon nine, two are fully co-educational (Rugby and Shrewsbury), 2 admit girls to the sixth form only (Charterhouse and Westminster), two remain as boys-only twenty-four hour period schools (St Paul's^[86] and Merchant Taylors') and ii retain the full-boarding, boys-only tradition (Eton and Harrow). Winchester was formerly part of the last grouping. However, information technology is currently undergoing the transition to co-ed status.

Scotland and Ireland [edit]

By the end of the 19th century the 'public school movement' had extended to all parts of the (then) United Kingdom.^[87] Notable schools established in Scotland include Edinburgh University (1824), Loretto School (1827), Merchiston Castle School (1828), Glasgow Academy (1845), Glenalmond College (1847) and Fettes College (1870).

In Ireland some ancient grammar schools followed the pattern of gaining elevated condition and other prestigious boys' boarding schools (both Catholic and Protestant) were founded in the 19th century. Examples include Bandon Grammar School (1642), Midleton College (1696), The King'southward Hospital (1669), Royal Belfast Academical Institution (1814), Clongowes Wood College (1814), Castleknock College (1835) and St Columba's Higher (1843).

Curriculum [edit]

The nearly exclusive teaching of grammar (Latin and to a lesser extent aboriginal Greek) prevailed until well into the 19th century. Most schools were legally obliged to do and then by the terms of their original endowment. Equally a response to the perceived demand to modernise such a curriculum in line with commercial needs, the Grammar School Act 1840^[88] was passed. This allowed schools to make an awarding to a court of law (rather than Parliament) to deviate from the wishes of the original founder and teach 'other branches of literature and scientific discipline'. The new public schools established in the early on and mid-19th century were non constrained by early on endowments and therefore were able from foundation to offering a wider range of taught subjects.

From the 1850's organised games became prominent in the curriculum,^[89] based on the precedent fix at Rugby by Thomas Arnold, forming a keystone of character development through teamwork, sportsmanship and self-sacrifice.^[90] ^[91] Hely Almond headmaster at Loretto 1862 - 1903, in stating 'Games in which success depends on the united efforts of many, and which likewise foster courage and endurance are the very lifeblood of the public school organisation',^[92] encapsulated the thinking of the era. The prominence of team sports prevails to the current 24-hour interval and is a feature by which public schools still distinguish themselves from state maintained schools.^[93] By the latter part of the 19th century 'modern' subjects such as mathematics and science characteristic in many schools listings in The Public Schools Yearbook.^[94] ^[95]

Charitable status [edit]

Within English law a charity is defined equally an institution established for a charitable purpose and providing a public benefit.^[96] The 'advancement of instruction' is a long-standing charitable purpose. The Great britain'south oldest charity is the Male monarch's School Canterbury.^[97] Charitable condition for schools outside of the state maintained sector confers various tax benefits. This means schools are not liable for corporation taxation or capital gains tax and receive an 80% reduction^[98] in 'business rates' (a local belongings tax). Donations past individuals to such schools are considered 'revenue enhancement free'.^[99] Fee-charging schools having the condition of charities are non totally revenue enhancement exempt as they pay some business rates, VAT on procured goods and services and staff pay income revenue enhancement on earnings.^[100] The public benefit that a charity is obliged to provide is not divers in law.^[101] Typically schools provide this public benefit^[102] past offering bursaries to pupils of families with limited financial means and supporting local state maintained school(s) and institutions, including assuasive public access to school facilities.

In 2018 the Independent Schools Council published a written report which stated that the contained education sector contributed in 2017 £11.7 billion to the UK economy and generated £3.5 billion of tax revenue.^[103]

Charitable status is politically controversial. The Great britain Labour Party leader Keir Starmer has pledged to remove charitable condition for fee-charging schools.^[104] The previous leader Jeremy Corbyn also wanted to introduce VAT on schoolhouse fees.^[105]

Associations with the ruling course [edit]

Former Harrow pupil Stanley Baldwin wrote that when he first became Prime number Minister in 1923, he wanted to have six Harrovians in his authorities. "To make a cabinet is like making a jig-saw puzzle fit, and I managed to make my vi fit by keeping the mail of Chancellor of the Exchequer for myself".^[106] Until the war, the role of public schools in preparing pupils for the gentlemanly elite meant that such instruction, peculiarly in its classical focus and social mannerisms,^[107] became a marker of the ruling course.

For three hundred years, the officers and senior administrators of the British Empire sent their sons back dwelling to boarding schools for education as gentlemen. This was oft for uninterrupted periods of a year or more. The 19th-century public school ethos promoted ideas of service to Crown and Empire, exemplified in familiar tropes such equally "Play up! Play upward! And play the game!" from Henry Newbolt's poem Vitaï Lampada and "the Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton", the latter popularly attributed to the Duke of Wellington. Many ex-pupils, like those from other schools, had, and still have, a nostalgic affection for their old schools (George Orwell remembered beingness "interested and happy" at Eton,^[108]) and a public school tie and an "erstwhile boy network" of sometime pupils were useful in advancing a career. The English language public school model influenced the 19th-century development of Scottish elite schools, but a tradition of the gentry sharing their primary educational activity with their tenants kept Scotland more egalitarian.^[109] ^[110]

Acceptance of social elitism was reduced by the 2 world wars,^[111] just despite portrayals of the products of public schools equally "silly asses" and "toffs", the quondam system continued well into the 1960s. This was reflected in gimmicky popular fiction such as Len Deighton's The IPCRESS File, which had a sub-text of supposed tension betwixt the grammar school educated protagonist and the public school background of his more senior only inept colleague.

2009 photograph of UK Leader of the Opposition and time to come Prime Minister David Cameron (left), Lib Dem spokesman and time to come Secretary of Land for Free energy and Climate Change Chris Huhne (centre left) and Lib Dem leader and futurity Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg (eye right), all of whom had attended English public schools.

Postwar social change has, all the same, gradually been reflected across United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland's educational system, while at the aforementioned time fears of bug with state education take pushed some parents, who can afford the fees or whose pupils qualify for bursaries or scholarships, towards public schools and other schools in the contained sector. By 2009 typical fees were up to £xxx,000 per annum for boarders.^[112] As of 2019, xx Prime Ministers attended Eton,^[113] seven Harrow, and six Westminster. Since 2020, both the Prime Government minister Boris Johnson (Eton) and the Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak (Winchester) had been educated at Clarendon public schools.

Conservative former chiffonier minister Iain Macleod wrote in 1964 in "The Tory Leadership" that a conspiracy past an Etonian "magic circle" had made Alec Douglas-Home prime minister. The exclamation was so powerful that until Cameron, existence an Etonian was a disadvantage to condign a party leader, as Douglas Hurd learned in the 1990 Bourgeois Political party leadership election.^[114] While Dwelling house had been educated at Eton and the incoming Labour Prime number Minister in 1997 (Tony Blair) at Fettes College, all six British Prime number Ministers in office betwixt 1964 and 1997 and from 2007 to 2010 were educated at state schools (Harold Wilson, Edward Heath, Margaret Thatcher, and John Major at grammar schools, and James Callaghan and Gordon Brown at other country secondary schools).^[115] ^[116] Theresa May'due south secondary school educational activity also was primarily in the country sector.

While members of the elite and landed gentry no longer dominate independent schools, studies have shown that such schools notwithstanding retain a degree of influence over the country's professional person and social elite despite educating less than ten% of the population. A 2012 study published past the Sutton Trust noted that 44% of the 7,637 individuals examined whose names appeared in the birthday lists of The Times, The Sunday Times, The Independent or The Independent on Dominicus during 2011 – beyond all sectors, including politics, business organization, the arts and the military – were educated at contained schools.^[117] Information technology besides institute that 10 elite fee-charging schools (specifically Eton, Winchester, Charterhouse, Rugby, Westminster, Marlborough, Dulwich, Harrow, St Paul'southward, and Wellington^[117]) produced 12% of the leading high-flyers examined in the study.^[118] The Social Mobility and Kid Poverty Committee came to a similar determination in a 2014 study of the professions: 71% of senior judges, 62% of senior armed forces officers, 55% of Whitehall permanent secretaries and 50% of members of the Business firm of Lords had been educated at fee-charging schools.^[119]

Minor public schools [edit]

Dorothy Fifty. Sayers in her 1933 novel Murder Must Advertise had her protagonist, the aristocrat Lord Peter Wimsey (working undercover under the name Bredon) postulate that in that location are only 3 "great" public schools (with the implied corollary that all others are "minor"), equally follows:

"Well, y'all and Mr Bredon have had higher educations, so yous know all virtually it. What schools exercise y'all call public schools?"
"Eton," said Mr Bredon, promptly, "– and Harrow," he added, magnanimously, for he was an Eton man … "And I've heard," Bredon went on, "that there's a decentish sort of place at Winchester, if you're non too particular."^[120]

Minor public school is defined in Brewer's Dictionary of Modern Phrase and Fable ^[121] as 'a somewhat demeaning term dating from the 1930s for an English language public schoolhouse that is not one of the aboriginal foundations, such every bit Eton, Harrow, Rugby or Winchester'.

Public school rivalry^[122] is a factor in the perception of a 'great' (or 'major') versus 'minor' distinction.^[123]

Comparing to prisons [edit]

Public schools take been light-heartedly compared by their pupils or ex-pupils to prisons. O. G. Due south. Crawford stated that he had been "far less unhappy" when incarcerated in Holzminden prisoner-of-war military camp during the Kickoff World State of war than he had previously been at his public school, Marlborough College.^[124] Evelyn Waugh observed in his satirical novel Decline and Fall (1928) that "anyone who has been to an English public school will ever feel comparatively at abode in prison house".^[125] Onetime Cabinet Minister Jonathan Aitken, sentenced to eighteen months' imprisonment for perjury in 1999, commented in an interview: "Equally far as the concrete miseries get, I am sure I volition cope. I lived at Eton in the 1950s and I know all about life in uncomfortable quarters."^[126]

Literature [edit]

Rugby School inspired a whole new genre of literature, i.e. the school story. Thomas Hughes's Tom Chocolate-brown's School Days, published in 1857 was fix there. There were however as many as 90 earlier novels set in British boarding schools, taking as an example just girls' schoolhouse stories,^[127] published between Sarah Fielding'due south 1749 The Governess, or The Little Female Academy and the seminal 1857 Tom Brown'south School Days. Such stories were fix in a diverseness of institutions including private boarding and prep schools likewise as public schools. Tom Brown's School Days ' influence on the genre of British school novels includes the fictional boarding schools of Talbot Baines Reed'southward St Dominic's, Rudyard Kipling's Stalky & Co. at "the College",^[f] Frank Richards' Billy Bunter at Greyfriars Schoolhouse, James Hilton'southward Mr Fries at Brookfield,^[g] Anthony Buckeridge's Jennings at Linbury Court,^[h] P. G. Wodehouse's St. Austin's and girls' schools Malory Towers and St. Trinian's. It also influenced J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, set at the fictional boarding school Hogwarts. The series' commencement novel Harry Potter and the Philosopher'due south Stone has many direct parallels in structure and theme to Tom Brown'southward School Days.^[128]

Len Deighton said of his 1962 novel, "The IPCRESS File is about spies on the surface, just it's likewise really well-nigh a grammar schoolhouse boy among public schoolhouse boys and the difficulties he faces."^[129]

Theatre and Pic [edit]

Alan Bennett, used the metaphor of an end of term revue at a minor public schoolhouse to contrast the events of the twentieth century with that of public school life, in his 1968 play Forty Years On. The championship alludes to the Harrow schoolhouse song, "Forty Years On".^[130]

Tom Brown's Schoolhouse Days has been the subject of five cinematic and tv productions. Adieu Mr. Chips has been the subject area of 3 cinematic productions. Ronald Searle'southward girls' school St Trinian's has featured in vii cinematic productions. The 1942 film A Yank at Eton is a comedy-drama where the protagonist eventually overcomes outdated manners and attitudes. The 1947 phase play and 1950 comedy pic The Happiest Days of Your Life, based at fictional minor public school Nutbourne College, were commercial and critical successes.^[131] The Republic of guinea Pig a 1946 phase play and 1948 moving-picture show dealt with the experiences of a boy from a modest background being sent to public school. The Browning Version was a 1948 stage play, 1951 film, 1994 picture and subject to several tv set and radio adaptations. A BBC Telly serial Billy Bunter of Greyfriars Schoolhouse ran from 1952 to 1961. The 1968 picture show if...., a satire of public schoolhouse life, received major critical acclaim.^[132] Some other Country was a 1981 phase play and 1984 pic loosely interpreting the schooldays of Eton educated spy Guy Burgess.

Other Popular Culture [edit]

During the interwar years public schools featured in cigarette bill of fare series. W.D. & H.O. Wills (Wills Cigarettes) published in 1927 a serial of 25 illustrations entitled 'Public Schools'.^[133] The same company in 1933/34 issued two series, each 25 cards, of the leading schools' coats of arms.^[134]

"The Eton Rifles", a 1979 popular music single recorded by The Jam was a UK acme ten hit. The lyrics describe social course conflict.

Television documentaries [edit]

1967: Eton,^[135] a documentary produced by Anthony de Lotbiniere, narrated past René Cutforth, broadcast on BBC TV
1979: Edward Mirzoeff produced the BBC documentary entitled Public School ^[136] nigh Westminster School, including footage of John Rae.
1980: Richard Denton produced a 10 function documentary nearly Radley College also entitled Public School, which ran on BBC2, including footage of Dennis Silk.^[137]
1981: The Gentleman Factory ^[138] nearly Eton Higher, directed past Simon Dewhurst was shown on BBC1.
1991: Eton – Class of '91,^[139] a Channel iv documentary about Eton College directed by Simon Shore
1995: Inside Eton ^[140] by Howard Guard, narrated by Charles Trip the light fantastic
1996: True Stories: Gordonstoun ^[141] directed by Penny Woolcock
2001: Harrow:The School on the Hill,^[142] featuring Barnaby Lenon, narrated by Aden Gillett, broadcast by ITV (Carlton)
2003: Ampleforth: My Instructor's a Monk,^[143] circulate on ITV1, narrated past Alex Jennings
2008: Pride and Privilege: A Year in the Life of Glenalmond College,^[144] a three role series circulate on BBC2 Scotland produced and directed by Stephen Bennett
2008: My New Best Friend ^[145] about Cheltenham Ladies College, directed by Jo Abel and broadcast on BBC4
2011: Posh and Posher: Why Public School Boys Run Britain,^[146] produced by Matthew Laza and presented past Andrew Neil, broadcast on BBC2
2013: Hannah Berryman's BBC documentary with alternative titles of A Very English Educational activity ^[147] and Boarding School: Boys to Men,^[148] a follow-up on the pupils who featured in the 1980 documentary well-nigh Radley College
2013: Harrow: A Very British School,^[149] broadcast on Sky1
2014: The About Famous School in the World,^[150] ^[151] a BBC documentary nearly Eton College, produced past Maggie Liang and Sarah Murch as part of the My Life ^[152] series for children
2015: Gordonstoun: A Dissimilar Class,^[153] ^[154] a six episode series broadcast on Sky1

Overseas Expansion [edit]

In 1892 Haileybury alumnus Charles Rendall, founded Haileybury 'altera terra' in Melbourne, Australia.

In the 20th and 21st centuries, several public schools opened affiliates in other countries, particularly the Middle and Far East. The schools are typically founded in partnership with a local business person or arrangement with the 'home' school maintaining close control of curriculum and staffing. Examples include:-

Brighton^[155] with affiliates in Abu Dhabi, Bangkok, Dubai and Singapore; Bromsgrove^[156] in Bangkok; Cranleigh^[157] in Abu Dabi; Dulwich College^[158] in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Seoul, Shuzou, Xi'an and Singapore; Epsom^[159] in Malaysia; Harrow^[160] in Bangkok, Beijing and Hong Kong; Haileybury^[161] in Almaty and Astana; King'due south College Schoolhouse in Bangkok^[162] and Hangzhou^[163] King's College Taunton^[164] in Doha; Marlborough^[165] Malaysia; Repton^[166] in Dubai; Sherborne^[167] in Doha; Shrewsbury^[168] in Bangkok; Wellington^[169] in Bangkok, Hangzhou, Tianjin and Shanghai.

Run into too [edit]

Rugby Group, a group of eighteen schools inside the HMC
Eton Group, a grouping of twelve schools within the HMC
Public Schools Battalions
Combined Cadet Forcefulness
Fagging
Public Schools Gild
Individual school
Direct grant grammar school
List of SR Five "Schools" form locomotives (named principally after public schools)
Listing of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom (a number of which are public schools)
List of English and Welsh endowed schools (19th century) (a number of which are public schools)
List of direct grant grammar schools (list of schools that were part of the scheme, between 1945 and 1976)
List of independent schools in the United Kingdom
Toffs and Toughs photograph
Armorial of schools in the United Kingdom

Notes [edit]

^ Now the 'Contained Schools Council'
^ Defoe is referring to the long defunct Bishop's Stortford Grammer School, not Bishop'southward Stortford College which was established in 1868.
^ St Paul's, Merchant Taylors', Charterhouse
^ Published annually as The Public Schools Yearbook from 1889 to 1934; as The Public and Preparatory Schools Yearbook from 1935 to 1985; as The Independent Schools Yearbook from 1986 to date.
^ There were xiii such schools,^[73] ^[74] ^[75] but ii were girls' schools, and thus ineligible for HMC membership.
^ reputed to be the United Services College
^ reputed to be The Leys Schoolhouse
^ reputed to be based on the author's experience at Seaford Higher

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Primary sources [edit]

Donnison, David, ed. (1970), "Report on Independent Solar day Schools and Straight Grant Grammar Schools", educationengland.org.uk, Public Schools Committee, 2d Written report, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Function, ISBN978-0-11-270170-5.
Newsom, John, ed. (1963), "Half Our Future", educationengland.org.u.k., London: Her Majesty'due south Jotter Office.
Spens, Will, ed. (1938), "Secondary education with special reference to grammar schools and technical high schools", educationengland.org.great britain, London: HM Jotter Function.

External links [edit]

^ Ackermann, Rudolph; Combe, William (1816). "The History of the Colleges of Winchester, Eton, and Westminster: With the Charter-House, the Schools of St. Paul's, Merchant Taylors, Harrow, and Rugby, and the Free-school of Christ'due south Hospital". Google Books.
^ "OFT bug statement of objections against l independent schools". The Function of Off-white Trading. ix March 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2019.